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Stanley Miller's followers, put in 50 years of famous experiments to simulate the synthesis of organic matter in the primitive atmosphere of the Earth, turned again to the results of the old experiments. The remaining material from those years they studied the latest techniques. It was found that in experiments simulating volcanic emissions gas mixture, synthesized a wide range of amino acids and other organic compounds. zapatero Their diversity was higher than it had in the 50s. This result emphasizes modern scholars on the conditions of synthesis and accumulation of high molecular weight organic primary: synthesis could be activated in areas eruptions and volcanic ash and tuff could become a reservoir zapatero of biological molecules. In May 1953, the journal Science published the results zapatero of a famous experiment on the synthesis of high-molecular compounds of methane, ammonia and hydrogen under the influence of electric discharges (see. Stanley L. Miller. A Production of Amino Acids Under Possible zapatero Primitive Earth Conditions (PDF, 690 KB) // Science. 1953. V. 117. P. 528). Installation for the experiments was a system of flasks in which steam is circulated. In a large flask of tungsten electrodes generate an electrical discharge. The experiment lasted a week, after which the water in the flask acquired a yellow-brown color and become oily.
Left: Stanley Miller apparatus for experiments with electrical discharges in the hot steam. Right: A diagram of the machine. Emissions of steam through zapatero the nozzle should simulate steam-gas mixture during volcanic eruptions. Images of discussion papers zapatero in Science
Miller analyzed the composition of organic zapatero matter by paper chromatography - method, then only entered into the everyday life of biologists and chemists. Miller found in the solution of glycine, alanine and other amino acids. zapatero At the same time, similar experiments were conducted by Kenneth Alfred Wilde (see. Kenneth A. Wilde, Bruno J. Zwolinski, Ransom B. Parlin. The Reaction Occurring in CO 2 -H 2 O Mixtures in a High-Frequency zapatero Electric Arc (PDF, 380 KB) // Science. 10 July 1953. V. 118. P. 43-44) with the difference that instead of the mixture of gases with reducing properties in the flask was carbon dioxide - oxidant. Unlike Miller, Wilde has not received any significant results. Miller and followed by many scientists started from a reducing zapatero rather than oxidizing atmosphere at the beginning of the earth. Logical chain of their reasoning was this: we are for that life originated on Earth; for this needed organic matter; they were supposed to be the product of the synthesis of the earth; If the synthesis goes reducing atmosphere and in an oxidizing - is not, then the atmosphere was the primary reduction. zapatero
In addition to the hypothesis of a reducing atmosphere of the early Earth, Miller experiments prove even the fundamental possibility of spontaneous synthesis of essential biological molecules from simple components. This hypothesis was reinforced after the experience of serious Juan Oro (Joan Oró; see. J. Oró. Mechanism of Synthesis of Adenine from Hydrogen zapatero Cyanide under Possible Primitive Earth Conditions // Nature. 16 September 1961. V. 191. P. 1193-1194) that in 1961 the installation of Miller introduced hydrogen cyanide and the output zapatero was adenine nucleotide - one of the four bases of DNA and RNA. The possibility of spontaneous synthesis of high molecular weight organics, including nucleotides and amino acids, has become a powerful support Oparin theory zapatero of spontaneous generation of life in the primordial soup.
After these experiments was a whole biological era. Attitude zapatero to the theory of primordial soup became more cautious. Over the past half a century, scientists could not come up with a mechanism for the selective synthesis of chiral molecules in inanimate nature and inheritance of this mechanism in living organisms. Eid
Stanley Miller's followers, put in 50 years of famous experiments to simulate the synthesis of organic matter in the primitive atmosphere of the Earth, turned again to the results of the old experiments. The remaining material from those years they studied the latest techniques. It was found that in experiments simulating volcanic emissions gas mixture, synthesized a wide range of amino acids and other organic compounds. zapatero Their diversity was higher than it had in the 50s. This result emphasizes modern scholars on the conditions of synthesis and accumulation of high molecular weight organic primary: synthesis could be activated in areas eruptions and volcanic ash and tuff could become a reservoir zapatero of biological molecules. In May 1953, the journal Science published the results zapatero of a famous experiment on the synthesis of high-molecular compounds of methane, ammonia and hydrogen under the influence of electric discharges (see. Stanley L. Miller. A Production of Amino Acids Under Possible zapatero Primitive Earth Conditions (PDF, 690 KB) // Science. 1953. V. 117. P. 528). Installation for the experiments was a system of flasks in which steam is circulated. In a large flask of tungsten electrodes generate an electrical discharge. The experiment lasted a week, after which the water in the flask acquired a yellow-brown color and become oily.
Left: Stanley Miller apparatus for experiments with electrical discharges in the hot steam. Right: A diagram of the machine. Emissions of steam through zapatero the nozzle should simulate steam-gas mixture during volcanic eruptions. Images of discussion papers zapatero in Science
Miller analyzed the composition of organic zapatero matter by paper chromatography - method, then only entered into the everyday life of biologists and chemists. Miller found in the solution of glycine, alanine and other amino acids. zapatero At the same time, similar experiments were conducted by Kenneth Alfred Wilde (see. Kenneth A. Wilde, Bruno J. Zwolinski, Ransom B. Parlin. The Reaction Occurring in CO 2 -H 2 O Mixtures in a High-Frequency zapatero Electric Arc (PDF, 380 KB) // Science. 10 July 1953. V. 118. P. 43-44) with the difference that instead of the mixture of gases with reducing properties in the flask was carbon dioxide - oxidant. Unlike Miller, Wilde has not received any significant results. Miller and followed by many scientists started from a reducing zapatero rather than oxidizing atmosphere at the beginning of the earth. Logical chain of their reasoning was this: we are for that life originated on Earth; for this needed organic matter; they were supposed to be the product of the synthesis of the earth; If the synthesis goes reducing atmosphere and in an oxidizing - is not, then the atmosphere was the primary reduction. zapatero
In addition to the hypothesis of a reducing atmosphere of the early Earth, Miller experiments prove even the fundamental possibility of spontaneous synthesis of essential biological molecules from simple components. This hypothesis was reinforced after the experience of serious Juan Oro (Joan Oró; see. J. Oró. Mechanism of Synthesis of Adenine from Hydrogen zapatero Cyanide under Possible Primitive Earth Conditions // Nature. 16 September 1961. V. 191. P. 1193-1194) that in 1961 the installation of Miller introduced hydrogen cyanide and the output zapatero was adenine nucleotide - one of the four bases of DNA and RNA. The possibility of spontaneous synthesis of high molecular weight organics, including nucleotides and amino acids, has become a powerful support Oparin theory zapatero of spontaneous generation of life in the primordial soup.
After these experiments was a whole biological era. Attitude zapatero to the theory of primordial soup became more cautious. Over the past half a century, scientists could not come up with a mechanism for the selective synthesis of chiral molecules in inanimate nature and inheritance of this mechanism in living organisms. Eid
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